Earth

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVsohD4Sxlv_DRdoO-oPe86LWxKtDq4BkSl2d5fpkargXIyIdP7hUqkS5PhIitTswcgbYIy3-Fsf7zxlWbKqByiDh9hmkvVWxyRJP4gMfCwi1I-EVIQug8pHxDgaPluv-EuebseXT3Tnra/s1600-h/dodec+lines+on+earth+2.GIF

Plane-face dodecahedron (left) to spherical icosadodecahedron (center & right), great circles, small circles on pent faces may be ocean/air gyres, polar axis vs solar-lunar tides

http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjPoly/Foldout/TIcosahedron/Img/ticGn-s128-z5.eos.png

A truncated icosahedron globe

Aquanautical microbiota: Green Algae

Spirogyra reproduction, reminds one of double helix DNA, chromosome replication


Dancing spheres: volvox rotates, oscillates

Volvox reproduction, note the triangulation of cytoplasm threads, geodesic structure



volvox A large sphere colony with daughter sphere colonies containing small granddaughter colonies. Both male and female colonies form inside the equator of the parent colony. Volvoxes are hollow spheres of independent cells that each have an eye spot, the colony develops a light-polarity, where half of the colony has larger eye spots, making a supercell eyeball of sorts. Click the link to find out more. volvox wikipedia
nuther volvox tale


Pediastrum algae, a flat disk star


These outstanding photos are from this site: The Micropolitan Museum

Hydrodictyon reticulatum, Hexa-penta Water net algae, from: Hydrodictyon, Wikipedia


Protists: dinoflagellate plant/animal (planimal?) in toxic red tide, endosymbiont coral bleaching, some photosynthesizers and some with eyes (retina), have minicircles of 12 genes.
http://madlabrat.blogspot.com/2009/10/protists-and-their-plastids.html

Marimo Moss balls (Chladophora)

from cell to super-cell organism to super-organism society: colonial ants
-

Nutrition: Seaweed gardens

Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia. They provide many vitamins including: A, B1, B2, B6, niacin and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium and calcium.[50] In addition commercially cultivated microalgae, including both Algae and Cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as Spirulina,[51] Chlorella and the Vitamin-C supplement, Dunaliella, high in beta-carotene.

Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species;[52] Ireland, dulse; Chile, cochayuyo.[53] Laver is used to make "laver bread" in Wales where it is known as bara lawr; in Korea, gim; in Japan, nori and aonori. It is also used along the west coast of North America from California to British Columbia, in Hawaii and by the Māori of New Zealand. Sea lettuce and badderlocks are a salad ingredient in Scotland, Ireland, Greenland and Iceland.
Dulse, a food.

The oils from some Algae have high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. For example, Parietochloris incisa is very high in arachidonic acid, where it reaches up to 47% of the triglyceride pool.[54] Some varieties of Algae favored by vegetarianism and veganism contain the long-chain, essential omega-3 fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in addition to vitamin B12. The vitamin B12 in algae is not biologically active. Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids, but the original source is algae, which are eaten by marine life such as copepods and are passed up the food chain.[55] wikipedia: algae nutrition

Embryo live action videos

Frog embryo

http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/2008/10/the_miracle_of_frog_life_embry.php



Crocodile embryo


Ostrich embryo


Tails and limbs

Dive-Surface-Sneeze-Speak ARC

Speech, though completely dependent upon the
mouth/larynx, is not particularly sensorial. Eating, breathing,
sniffing, sneezing are all face-sense-related, talking isn't. Talking
is all about internal air valve control.

One cannot talk underwater, yet if not for underwater air valve
control, speech would not have happened.

In a way, both speech (audio sense only) and physical gestures (visual
sense only) require an absence/reduction of other of senses, otherwise
risking interference. (Compare the small eyes of echolocating
cetaceans (especially river dolphins, which are almost blind) vs huge
eyes of ancient non-echolocating marine reptiles.)

What is the physiological opposite of the anaerobic MDR Mammalian
Divers Reflex which occurs at depth? Instant exhalation
(photic/pressure/thermal induced) & aerobic breathing at surface, with
optional controlled exhalation vocalized speech. Has anyone
immediately upon surfacing from a *long* dive, spoken during the first
exhale? I think humans are programmed/selected not to, just like
seals. First exhale, then speak/bark. Not sure though.

I think also that the LCA Hominoid/Hominid could not call while
floating vertically, possibly due to (water) pressure on the
throat/sac/hyoid/thyroid cartilage. Only when pressure was eased,
could a vocal sound be produced (compare to having a "knot in ones
throat" or feeling choked up), I guess. This allowed breathing clearly
through the nose during floating, then upon grasping and lifting up or
wading, the air sac pressure is off, and oral breathing and calling
can start.

[{Highly significant}]
This might have been a predecessor of being able to suction feed in
Homo underwater, having the oral breathing disconnected during
submersion, allowing the open pharynx for feeding and swallowing, then
upon re-emergence to light/pressure change, the larynx reopens to the
mouth and instantly exhales but with no vocalization, just a pure
instant complete air exchange of the lungs, trachea, mouth. Only the
little air in the nasal area is not forcibly exchanged. Why? Either
because the sinuses and eustacean tubes were pre-flooded with seawater
(per Seb Murat), or because of some other reason (high-pressure nasal
sneeze might cause damage to delicate nasal
veins/arteries/turbinates/olfactory nerves/middle ear/inner ear
barotrauma).

Today's scuba divers and free divers instead keep their chin down near
the throat, with their eyes 60 to 90 degrees from the streamlined linear
posture (and more like a vertical floating ape posture), which differs
from this ancient diving technique, and may indicate why the photic
sneeze "doesn't work" in today's divers. DDeden

To sing, to click, to speak

http://music000001.blogspot.com/
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/topics/language/tospeak-press-release-clarke-2009.html

Polarized Vision on water surface

Glare due to light hitting water surface can be reduced by filtering through a polarized lens. Professor (Geol. ret.) Don Garlick explains this phenomenon here:
http://www.northcoastjournal.com/issues/2008/06/05/polarized/

Nature has an abundance of forms and flavors. Vision in animals may filter for color, ultra-violet, infra-red, polarized, transparency, fluorescence, rhythmic flashing, wing-eye-spots etc.

Spatial geometry of dopamine in eye

Vis Neurosci. 1991 Nov;7(5):487-98.

Related Articles, Links

Spatial geometry of the dopamine innervation in the avascular area of the human fovea.

Savy C, Simon A, Nguyen-Legros J.

Laboratoire de Neurocytologie Oculaire (INSERM U-86), Paris, France.

The dopamine (DA) innervation, labeled by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in a wholemounted human retina, is described in the avascular area of the fovea. Eleven DA neurons give rise to this innervation, among which five are interplexiform cells, so that the DA innervation consists of two plexuses: one is internal and is formed by the dendrites of all of the DA cells, and the other is external and is formed by the scleral processes of the interplexiform cells. Five concentric zones are delineated according to the focal plane in which the internal DA plexus is observed. The central zone 1 contains DA processes crossing in all directions. Zones 2 and 3 do not contain any cell bodies. In zone 3 the internal plexus begins to undergo a concentric arrangement, which is clearly observed in zones 4 and 5. The external DA innervation displays a different appearance in zones 1, 2, and 3, in which it consists of vertically oriented thin processes and terminals penetrating the outer nuclear layer, vs. zones 4 and 5 in which it consists of both the same type and horizontal processes lying in the outer plexiform layer. On the basis of DA-innervation appearance and distribution of labeled and unlabeled cell somata, it was concluded that zones 1, 2, and 3 contained the DA innervation of the foveola. DA processes filtering between photoreceptor cells are particularly well-observed in this region. This anatomical study of the DA innervation in the human fovea leads to a better understanding of the important role of DA in primate central vision and can be used as a reference for an approach of macular pathology.

PMID: 1684910 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

(Dopamine is found in the mollusc foot as part of the adhesive secretions, as well as in the mammal brain)