forest: foli-frugivory/qpal walk/vert. pluck/call
mangrove: coast food/upright forage-walk-wade-float/stick
seashore: bait-trap/beach-cave/diving/thrust spear/words
rivers: dugouts/travel/woodcraft/hut/throwing spear/fire
plains: herding/STPost barter/horse/fibercraft/atlatl
fields: farming/town trade/carriage/shipping/owners
city: factories/machine/mass tele-comm-travel-edu
Sequence:
omnivory plucking, poking stick for hidden food crab-termite-tuber
thrusting spear & stone hammer/knife to open seafood, cutting
bait-trap bivalves/biface/blade in fish against predators/pests
seasonal migrations coasts, rivers, fruit/nut/flint/hunt rift
seasonal herd/harvest nets->sacks carry flint, fruit, nuts home
accidental gardening garbage/feces attracts pests, bury it, seed
dugouts, trade foods/goods:
coast foods/salt, sun-drying/smoking: basketry, fish net
forest fruit, herbs, vegetables: tump-line sack, head-carry
mountain flint, gems, ochre, grinding: knap-sack, ruck-sack
floodplain grain, grassland grazers, herding: cloth, leather
ports/trading posts: concentration of goods/people, town/city
Pilgrims: Rift-coastal migrations from South Africa to China to the New World
My interpretation: first there was the clam/oyster on the shores of the
Tethys mangrove coasts, picked up and eaten by a hominoid, that then
dropped the shell below the mangrove branch which was immediately
swallowed by a croc that then died from indigestion (or so).
Xmillion years of this accidental littering/shittering produced a
hominid that intentionally sets clams filled with fishguts/rotten
crab/fresh meat out to be consumed by shore pests like cats and
baboons and crocs around the papyrus marshes while seeking eggs.
Another Xmillion years, Homo is in the Rift valley without oysters but
lots of sharp rocks to make fake shells to set traps, so as to
dominate the herding migrating masses on their way from south Africa
to China along the Peri-Tethys shores (Mediterranean/Black/Caspian/Bolkash).
Another Xmillion years the Homo Proto-San are herding the sheep,
goats, horses, elephants, cattle along the same Peri-tethyan path when
nature lets loose with a monsoonally induced rainy glacial
melted massive flooding that swamps the entire Eurasian basin, leaving
only isolated populations in highlands separated culturally and
linguistically with confused mythic memories of terrible loss/fear of
the hordes of barbarians (herds of berber/barber/baabaa) and the
heroic shepherds "san|tek|elfs and the reindeer" (Saami, Evenki) that
saved the starving isolated upland settlements that had become so
dependent on trade due to specialized crafts.
No metaphysics, no supernatural abracadabra, just megafauna migrations
and natural interpretations from cultural myths derived from pre-literate
disasters. Ice Age mathematics-phonetics-genetics.
DDeden
Showing posts with label early dug-out boats. Show all posts
Showing posts with label early dug-out boats. Show all posts
Monday, January 21, 2008
tektionary
Where does language come from? Why don't apes talk, if they are genetically so similar to humans?
Our 2ma-.5ma ancestors lived along shores, they progressed from simple calls and gestures to words and languages. Here are clues:
Ural<- Ura (ore, quarry, source, Ur) mountain
Altaic <- al-tek? (Ur-al-tek?) mountain
Aztec <- az-tek? lakes, hills?
Toltec <- tol-tek mountain
Ukraine <- ochreyn ochre-crayon-clay rich moist soils (strongly suspect Hs settled the low riparian Ukraine plains w/ dugouts)
Chippewa/Ojibwe <- chip-wa <-tek-wa riparian
Ottawa <- ahkt-wa riparian
to the more obvious links to the pre-historic past through language:
oct-ahkt-hawk-hatchet-hammer (stone axe on hollow log)
ket-kit/set-(group of paint/powder/toolkit)
ket-skreyt-scratch-script-sanskrit-scribe
ket-sketch with stick/stone/ochre (ground clay writing)
keyt-skate-kaolin-clay-(Sumerian writing on clay tablets)
kleyt-clay, ochre (hammer ground) crayon (wax/grease/oil mix)
peyt-paste, paint, powder, petro (fat rock), bed(rock), beach
peyt-bait-trap in body of fish on beach, bet (chance?)
keyv-cave-cavern-carve (soft stone)-quarry (hard stone), karst
ahkt-ock-rock (English stone)
ahkt-aht-batu (Malay stone)
wawa-well-wave-wind-
wata-wet-wed (throw conf-etti/splashing)
mar-marine-marriage/marital
market-merchand-samarkand-open water shares (trade) wares fairs
ket-cut-gut-goods shared
tek-trek/tred (walk to quarry), trade/train/terrain
tekcheyn-exchange?? vows, barter(boater?), tax,
The Ket people of the Altai mountains are the closest kin
to the original Amerindians. Tek flipped is ket, indicating stone
tools and cutting. Note the word tomahawk, a handled stone-axe,
includes the sound ~ahwk, likely derived from original oct/ahkt. I
don't know the meaning of tomah~, but there is a town in Wisconsin of
that name which originated from Ojibwe/Chippewa Indian language AFAIK.
I've no doubt that the earliest AmerIndians had watercraft, not heavy
wooden dugouts but rather lightweight ribbed portables. In Africa and
southern Asia, crocs/hippos required strong dugouts, but in Eurasia
lightweight ribbed craft were faster and easier to steer in streams
and to paddle upstream to smaller steeper creeks. So Amerindians
already had experience in these vessels. Eskimo names for ribbed skin
boats: umiak and kayak, both include ~ahk, again derived from the
stone hammer-axe, but lost the wa~ and added a prefix, and no longer
used log dugouts. The Chippewa adopted ribbed birch-bark canoes, I
don't know the canoe name. The tribal name of the forest/river
dwelling Ojibwe/Chippewa may derive from chip/tek wood and stone
working ancestors of Eurasian hilly forests/streams. I can only think
that when Beringia was above sea level, it must have had some forests.
Processing stone/wood/meat:
Tek<->ket<->cut<->cook<->kitchen/cuccina/kocina
Tek<->check<->chef<->chief?/chevron?
Tek<->flake<->fillet<->file?
Tek<->tendon?<->o-raw-hide? (uncooked)
Tek<->took?<->hook?<->crook? (take the bait)
Tek<->ket<->knet<->knit<->knot (cut/tie fibers)
knapping a hand-axe / bait-trap means chipping off tets (irregular),
stone knife blades, (like a nose), are irregular tetrahedrons.
So the word 'tet', source of tetrahedron, is ancient too.
name of orig. core/manuport: 'ora' /ore/core/ura/ora/aura/raw (uncut/uncooked)
name of process: 'tek' /check/tick/flake/
name of chips: 'tet' /chip/flek/spec
name of finished bait-trap: 'gen' /gen-/gin-/gem
name of the hammer-stone: 'ahkt' or 'ahx' /axe/adze
Where oct- came from. It exists in Greek (oct) and Sanskrit (aaht). It has a sort of hollow sound (aaoo) as opposed to the sound of pebbles tikking together. My guess is that it was the name of the pounding hammer-stone used for the chipping, also used to describe drumming
hollow logs. A hollow tubular stem (bamboo, crane bone, kudu horn, conch shell) blown through with pinched lips produces only octaves so the word oct/axe was used for hammering and for the natural octaves. The later words axle and axial derived from hollow tubular cylinders like hollow tree stems used in early dugout canoes, found rotting inside-out at waterside, bending towards the
open water and sun. A stone adze/axe and fire were used later to produce a better streamlined watercraft, and then solid straight tree stems were preferred for the lightest unleakiest vessels.
Since the oldest PIE (Proto-Indo-European) name for water is akwa, I'm thinking that water was earlier called wawa or wata during daily diving, and that once dugouts were used, akwa actually was ahkt-wata meant "action in/of water" where act derived from the motion of the hammer-axe. A boat flipped is a tub and vv, in German boat is boot which flipped is toob or tube, boating in water was shortened to akwa, eventually used for any water-related activities/things once
Homo stopped daily diving and become dependent on boats and technology. PIE has no word for tidal surf (they used the 'mar' in coastal marine instead for inland riparian marshes, mires, moors,
markets, merchant), so likely it developed along the Black/Caspian seas and rivers/lakes of the Russian/Ukrainean plains, where there was no tide but there was snow, wheat and lions.
from tek to other words is a very small step "I tap the top of the typewriter keys with the tip of my finger". That sentence has 5 individual derivations from tek.
top (Sanskrit topi = hat), flipped becomes pot or bot-tom
tip, flipped becomes pit
tap, flipped becomes pat on the back
tep, now extinct, was root of step
tape, adhesive
Top-ic, iso-topic, iso-tope, iso-tropic, iso-trophic?
flip, from tip to flip/fly/flew/flutter/flow/flour/FLUID
then tube (hollow cylinder, tuba), flipped becomes boot (car trunk) tub, tab, etc.
Is there a dictionary based on these ancient roots, rather than on alphabetic order (which is much more recent) or pure phonetics?
ora = pre-chipped core or manuport
gen = hand-axe/bait-trap/clam
tek = chip from core
or-gan = whole (heart) core
Ur ~ ora ~ (See my Sumerian trading post scenario)
Conjecture: genetic root (gen-e-tic) (see origin of ur also)
original name for the hande-axe (bait trap) ~ gen
original name for the flaking ~ tek
original name for the chips ~ tek + derivatives
gen=general=the whole (can you dig 1/2 a hole?)
tek=special=the part/spec/spark/flek/flake/tack/trac/tach/tech/...
gen is soft & hummy, tek is clicky, in the mouth.
'tek' is derived from the sound of chipping stone/bone/stick
'gen' probably a tropical bivalve mollusc (the original model for the bifacial bait trap).
Tek is now a buried root word, a fossil, alive only in evolved derived forms.
detach has replaced tek in the functional sense. At-tack, at-tach, at-tach`e, abstract, attract detract, distract merging and separating items. There are an enormous variety of words that relate to the coming together and going apart (compression/tension, gravitation/radiation..), scale is part of the reason for different words, another is geographic isolation of languages..
trac-tion: frictional adhesion
derivation of "abstract": This word comes from a German root "tragen" that means "to
drag". In other words, abstract literally means "dragged away from reality."
tesselate? (sanskrit?)
Does 'compound' derive from pounding a simple stone, making many components? take a flake.. tek a flek, compound 'frac-ture' or frac-tion etc...
tek is also used for finger, digit, one in various languages.
I've 'stuck' to English, but I think all languages had a similar root.
ora-gen-tek
Po-e-tic -|- Syn-er-ge-tic -|- Pol-i-tic
[in memory of buckminster fuller, geodesic designer]
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
"now i know why i don't like politics" by DDeden
pol - tic (tek)
people - separated
the skill in keeping people disunited/distracted,
(easier to make/keep them slaves/serfs that way)
Tyrants are anti-politicans, they force unity.
Politicians are anti-tyrants, dividing unity.
USA is a bifacial clam, a bilateral tyrant
made up of two political shells/parties
which trust each other to competence,
I'm not knocking (tek) politicians,
just don't follow their religion
pick pock tick tock nick knock
spec spark spire pyre fire
first spear was a spire
first gem was a gen
1st shard shared,
1st croc snared
lions scared
un homme
laird
wet
~
the bait-trap tek culture really was a major league change-up in human pre-history. Before it, language was there but limited to natural objects mom, dad, nana, eat, water, etc. filled with physical gestures and sounds.
boater-barter-border(war?)-bother-buffer-boundary-brother-boarder
sailor-seller (not cellar), seller-dweller, sail-sale
paddler-peddler (not pedestrian)
Why do European languages start their teens at 13, not 11? Because they derived from the Caspian basin Proto-Indo-European nomadic herders.
I see there is a difference in counting systems.
Decimal: (small base) 10, (large base) 100 (Modern, India)
Duodecimal: (small base) 12, (large base) 144 (Niger plateau)
Caspian: (small base) 12, (large base) 120 (PIE Caspian basin)
Sumerian: (small base) 60, (large base) 3600 (Sumerian Traders)
The ancestral European counting system from the Caspian basin counted their knuckles and fingers 120. This allowed them to trade goods at Sumerian trading posts along rivers from Sumer to Moscow, who used the 30/60/360/3600 counting system which is still used in degrees, minutes.
Does anyone know where I can verify the real history of the 12/120-based system? Wikipedia doesn't even mention the herding.
http://www.sizes.com/units/hundred.htm#120
(I think some translation errors snuck in, eg Doggermen probably used 8 x 12 + 4)
Note that 120 is used with heads/herds, 100 with iron.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/duodecimal
http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~P_aflang/TEXTS/oct98/decimal.html
my words:
The first cattle herding began on the Nigerian plateau and the Caspian plains, a few
plateau Nigerian languages still use the duodecimal system, but in Europe only the vestige of 11, 12 not being -teen, and the presence of dozen in the languages indicate a past use before the decimal system.)
herd = 12 head / kids (kind-herd) / tribes / tributaries Mesopotamian
herders, exported to Levant, Caspian.
A head-count of 12 was counted/divided quickly using the thumbtip
tapping the flesh above the 12 inner knuckles of one hand, dividing by
2, 3, 4, 6 was easy. Continue to higher numbers by folding a finger or
thumb to represent each additional 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96,
108, 120 when all digits folded = both hands closed = count-herd-ol =
10 x 12 (hundredfold)
cent<- kent-um = 100 among city folk. (10 x itself)
hundred<- count10 x herd12 = 120 among nomad herders. (10 x 12 knuckles)
The word hundred meant 120 items. from count-herd
The word gross meant 144 items. big/many
The word cent meant 100 items. from kentum
The word count meant 12 items. from kent
The word kent meant 10 items.
herd = 12 head / kids (kind-herd) / tribes / tributaries Mesopotamian herders, exported to Levant, Caspian.
A head-count of 12 was counted/divided quickly using the thumbtip tapping the flesh above the 12 inner knuckles of one hand, dividing by 2, 3, 4, 6 was easy. Continue to higher numbers by folding a finger or thumb to represent each additional 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 when all digits folded = both hands closed = kent-herd-ol = 10 x 12 (hundredfold)
kent-um = 100 among city, port. (10 x itself)
count-herd = 120 among nomad herders. (10 x 12 knuckles)
-ol- fold, wool, roll, scroll, wheel
-ai!- eye, hive, fly, spyre, pain, fire
PIE and IE retained this (China lost it, instead using 10 fingers (no knuckles) and decimal abacus from shells/coins on a string). IE teens start at 13, not 11.
Our later written numerals are based on the Chinese decimal (as did Rome) via India/Arabia numerals which added the 0.
Abraham <- ora-ham (in Chaldean) ora = source, core, origin
Neither Chinese, Eskimos nor Austronesians herded cattle/sheep on open plains, their counting systems differed.
calendrical temporal jitterbug regulate
morality-mythos-taboo jitterbug IKTHYS4MEN
head-count trade-good jitterbug knuckle/digit
icosa-cubocta-octa-tet jitterbug hexapenta
10c 12 oz. weight coin jitterbug cheap metals
A constant bore tube's lowest notes aren't octave intervals.
A conical bore tube's lowest notes may approximate an octave interval.
It is interesting, the bugle frequency ratios 2-3-4-5-6
I'd guess it is actually 1-2-3-4-5-6-12, with the 1-2 gap equal to an octave (if I have inferred correctly).
I am basing this on Buckmister Fuller's "Jitterbug transformation"
where in geometry, there is an overlap between an icosahedron (1-2-3-4-6-12 fold symmetry) and a cuboctahedron (5 fold symmetry)
(note images at right)
http://www.4dsolutions.net/synergetica/synergetica6.html
"The jitterbug transformation starts with a cuboctahedron and twist contracts it into a regular octahedron with 1/5th the volume, passing through the intermediate icosahedral phase on the way. This latter form of the jitterbug is useful when applied to individual spheres as it shows how they can contract to become between-sphere concave octahedral voids (see 1:1032.00). Fuller uses oscillatory ripplings of such sphere-into-space-into-sphere alternations, the so-called space-filling jitterbug transformation, to suggest new models of omnidirectional energy propagation within the fields of electro- and hydrodynamics."
I believe the same math mechanism was used by Proto-Indo-European herdsmen and Sumerian traders, calculating quantities via knuckles (12 base) and fingers (10 base).
Wikipedia, hundred: "The larger value originated with the Teutonic tribes that invaded England after the Romans departed; their Hundert equalled 120."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic
The word Teutonic derives at once from both the Latin name for a tribe who were thought by the Romans to be Germanic, die Teutonen, "the Teutons" and, from the Germanic word tiutisch (New High German deutsch = German), originally meaning "belonging to the people".
The Romans identified die Teutonen as a Germanic tribe, and therefore Roman writers began to use the term Teutonicus as a synonym for their existing word for Germanic peoples, Germanicus.
Today many scholars think that die Teutonen were not a Germanic tribe at all, but rather, that they were a Celtic tribe. It has been suggested that Teutone derives from the Celtic word tuath meaning "the people" or "the tribe" (as in the mythical Irish race, the Tuatha de Danaan, the "tribe of Danaan").[citation needed] [1]
Tiutisch is the source of the German word Deutsch, as well as the English word "Dutch". English is considered a Germanic language by linguists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
rind: cattle
kind: children
--- In AAT@yahoogroups.com, Ken Moore wrote:
>
> DDeden wrote:
> >
> > "a conch shell, a bugle, a didgeroo, and a shoffar (bored out kudu or
> > ram's horn) when blown with pursed lips at various air pressures can
> > only produce full octave tones or no tone at all".
> >
> > Would you agree that is accurate?
> >
> No. If constant bore tubes, such as didgeridoos, are blown with pursed
> lips sealed to one end, the interval between the two lowest resonances
> will not be an octave. A shofar may be close to a conical bore, in
> which case its corresponding interval will be near an octave. A bugle
> is designed so that the lowest note is rarely used. It will be
> approximately an octave below the second, but the main object of the
> designer is that notes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be in those frequency
> ratios, giving intervals of a fifth, a fourth, a major third and a minor
> third, typically Bb, F, Bb D, F. (per Ken)
kent<-ket(=cut)<->tek(chip/flake)
count<-kent
kindred<-kent & herd
hundred<-kent & herd
hand*2<-kent
The addition of 'r' usually indicates separation/torn/sherds/parts/rip/scratch,
While the -um means "times itself" or mirrored
eg. bivalve/bilateral sYMMetry, Mirror, clAM, Multiply, tIMes, Mollusc, centUM, sateM
name of orig. core/manuport: 'or' /ore/core/ura/ora/aura
name of process: 'tek' /check/tick/flake/
name of chips: 'tet' /chip/flek/spec
name of finished bait-trap: 'gen' /gen-/gin-/gem
name of the hammer-stone: 'ahkt' or 'ahx' /axe/adze
Sorry, typo. Khald, not Kald. Derived into Kali, Cailleach, Catholic, Gaelic, Chaldean, Celtic, Baltic, Bog, Basque, Khalidya, Goth, (Thor?) Gott, numerous other IE terms in various locales where IE/Aryan/Celtic/Cultic/Turkmen/German/herdsmen of the Black-Caspian basin and Ukraine-Central Asian plains herded between mountain ranges then settling at well watered sites engaged in trade of dried salmon, flint, salt, herds. Settlements at fertile farmlands and trading posts produced great chiefs (probably Kiev, then King) who employed jesters (gestures) and mimes to assist in language/dialect translation before writing arrived. Later writing put a new overlay, with new names of tribes and homelands.
Cailleach myth
by Karla Morgan
Cailleach is referred to as the "Mother of All" in parts of Scotland. Also known as Scotia, she is depicted as an old hag with the teeth of a wild bear and boar's tusks..She is also known to have created the earth. "With her hammer she alternately splinters [flint, perhaps flanders] mountains,.."
--- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "DDeden" wrote:
>
> http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indo-Eurasian_research/message/9088
>
> why does your keyboard start with qwerty? qrt/krt/krst/ktb
> reading, writing, reciting, and a-rith-ma-tic. Education.
> The al quran name begins at the same source as krist/krish, and are
> derived from Assyria/Syria/Urartu/Armenia region. The name of their
> Deity was "Kald", now retained as "God", (not Deus or YHWH or Elohim
> or Allah in English), they were Kaldian aka Celt/Gaul/Chaldean, but
> through time they mixed with others and had different names, now
> Armenian.
>
>
>
>
> --- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "Richard Parker"
> wrote:
> >
> > Daoud - you're treading or paddling in very dangerous waters.
> >
> > Krit may be a proto-word for all I know, and may be related to
> > Sans_krit_ and _Kri_shna and s_cript_ure, but it is also very
> > obviously related to _Chri_st.
> >
> > Don't ever suggest anyhing like that in the Bible Belt, or you'll be
> > lynched.
> >
> > regards
> >
> >
> > Richard
> >
> >
> > --- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "DDeden"
> > wrote:
> > >
> > > RP: Greek may share some root words with Sanskrit, but was not
> > inherited
> > > from it. They both derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE), an
> > > entirely imaginary language 'reconstructed' from later descendent
> > > languages. PIE, or something very like it, just may have been
> > spoken
> > > by the people who were present when the roots of Indo-European were
> > > being set up, but PIE is an imaginary language, not a real one.
> > >
> > > DD: The sound -krit-/-grik- derived from the sound of scratching a
> > > stick/stone/stylus on stone/clay/leaf, and the later
> > > national/tribal/cultural designations in the title above were
> > merely
> > > local derivations. The modern word "written" had lost the initial
> > k/g,
> > > while the modern word "scripture" has preserved it.
> > >
> > > Once you remove the written word from their ancestors, what were
> > they?
> > > PIE. I guess that both scribe and priest were derived from krit,
> > > (krist = writer, cf artist) (krshna in Hindu). Writers created
> > (krit-d
> > > cf crafted) religions and omni-gods from muddled old memories,
> > while
> > > oratory folktales were retained because they included music and
> > > gesture (jester) not yet available in written (tab) form.
> > > DDeden
> > >
> >
>
Our 2ma-.5ma ancestors lived along shores, they progressed from simple calls and gestures to words and languages. Here are clues:
Ural<- Ura (ore, quarry, source, Ur) mountain
Altaic <- al-tek? (Ur-al-tek?) mountain
Aztec <- az-tek? lakes, hills?
Toltec <- tol-tek mountain
Ukraine <- ochreyn ochre-crayon-clay rich moist soils (strongly suspect Hs settled the low riparian Ukraine plains w/ dugouts)
Chippewa/Ojibwe <- chip-wa <-tek-wa riparian
Ottawa <- ahkt-wa riparian
to the more obvious links to the pre-historic past through language:
oct-ahkt-hawk-hatchet-hammer (stone axe on hollow log)
ket-kit/set-(group of paint/powder/toolkit)
ket-skreyt-scratch-script-sanskrit-scribe
ket-sketch with stick/stone/ochre (ground clay writing)
keyt-skate-kaolin-clay-(Sumerian writing on clay tablets)
kleyt-clay, ochre (hammer ground) crayon (wax/grease/oil mix)
peyt-paste, paint, powder, petro (fat rock), bed(rock), beach
peyt-bait-trap in body of fish on beach, bet (chance?)
keyv-cave-cavern-carve (soft stone)-quarry (hard stone), karst
ahkt-ock-rock (English stone)
ahkt-aht-batu (Malay stone)
wawa-well-wave-wind-
wata-wet-wed (throw conf-etti/splashing)
mar-marine-marriage/marital
market-merchand-samarkand-open water shares (trade) wares fairs
ket-cut-gut-goods shared
tek-trek/tred (walk to quarry), trade/train/terrain
tekcheyn-exchange?? vows, barter(boater?), tax,
The Ket people of the Altai mountains are the closest kin
to the original Amerindians. Tek flipped is ket, indicating stone
tools and cutting. Note the word tomahawk, a handled stone-axe,
includes the sound ~ahwk, likely derived from original oct/ahkt. I
don't know the meaning of tomah~, but there is a town in Wisconsin of
that name which originated from Ojibwe/Chippewa Indian language AFAIK.
I've no doubt that the earliest AmerIndians had watercraft, not heavy
wooden dugouts but rather lightweight ribbed portables. In Africa and
southern Asia, crocs/hippos required strong dugouts, but in Eurasia
lightweight ribbed craft were faster and easier to steer in streams
and to paddle upstream to smaller steeper creeks. So Amerindians
already had experience in these vessels. Eskimo names for ribbed skin
boats: umiak and kayak, both include ~ahk, again derived from the
stone hammer-axe, but lost the wa~ and added a prefix, and no longer
used log dugouts. The Chippewa adopted ribbed birch-bark canoes, I
don't know the canoe name. The tribal name of the forest/river
dwelling Ojibwe/Chippewa may derive from chip/tek wood and stone
working ancestors of Eurasian hilly forests/streams. I can only think
that when Beringia was above sea level, it must have had some forests.
Processing stone/wood/meat:
Tek<->ket<->cut<->cook<->kitchen/cuccina/kocina
Tek<->check<->chef<->chief?/chevron?
Tek<->flake<->fillet<->file?
Tek<->tendon?<->o-raw-hide? (uncooked)
Tek<->took?<->hook?<->crook? (take the bait)
Tek<->ket<->knet<->knit<->knot (cut/tie fibers)
knapping a hand-axe / bait-trap means chipping off tets (irregular),
stone knife blades, (like a nose), are irregular tetrahedrons.
So the word 'tet', source of tetrahedron, is ancient too.
name of orig. core/manuport: 'ora' /ore/core/ura/ora/aura/raw (uncut/uncooked)
name of process: 'tek' /check/tick/flake/
name of chips: 'tet' /chip/flek/spec
name of finished bait-trap: 'gen' /gen-/gin-/gem
name of the hammer-stone: 'ahkt' or 'ahx' /axe/adze
Where oct- came from. It exists in Greek (oct) and Sanskrit (aaht). It has a sort of hollow sound (aaoo) as opposed to the sound of pebbles tikking together. My guess is that it was the name of the pounding hammer-stone used for the chipping, also used to describe drumming
hollow logs. A hollow tubular stem (bamboo, crane bone, kudu horn, conch shell) blown through with pinched lips produces only octaves so the word oct/axe was used for hammering and for the natural octaves. The later words axle and axial derived from hollow tubular cylinders like hollow tree stems used in early dugout canoes, found rotting inside-out at waterside, bending towards the
open water and sun. A stone adze/axe and fire were used later to produce a better streamlined watercraft, and then solid straight tree stems were preferred for the lightest unleakiest vessels.
Since the oldest PIE (Proto-Indo-European) name for water is akwa, I'm thinking that water was earlier called wawa or wata during daily diving, and that once dugouts were used, akwa actually was ahkt-wata meant "action in/of water" where act derived from the motion of the hammer-axe. A boat flipped is a tub and vv, in German boat is boot which flipped is toob or tube, boating in water was shortened to akwa, eventually used for any water-related activities/things once
Homo stopped daily diving and become dependent on boats and technology. PIE has no word for tidal surf (they used the 'mar' in coastal marine instead for inland riparian marshes, mires, moors,
markets, merchant), so likely it developed along the Black/Caspian seas and rivers/lakes of the Russian/Ukrainean plains, where there was no tide but there was snow, wheat and lions.
from tek to other words is a very small step "I tap the top of the typewriter keys with the tip of my finger". That sentence has 5 individual derivations from tek.
top (Sanskrit topi = hat), flipped becomes pot or bot-tom
tip, flipped becomes pit
tap, flipped becomes pat on the back
tep, now extinct, was root of step
tape, adhesive
Top-ic, iso-topic, iso-tope, iso-tropic, iso-trophic?
flip, from tip to flip/fly/flew/flutter/flow/flour/FLUID
then tube (hollow cylinder, tuba), flipped becomes boot (car trunk) tub, tab, etc.
Is there a dictionary based on these ancient roots, rather than on alphabetic order (which is much more recent) or pure phonetics?
ora = pre-chipped core or manuport
gen = hand-axe/bait-trap/clam
tek = chip from core
or-gan = whole (heart) core
Ur ~ ora ~ (See my Sumerian trading post scenario)
Conjecture: genetic root (gen-e-tic) (see origin of ur also)
original name for the hande-axe (bait trap) ~ gen
original name for the flaking ~ tek
original name for the chips ~ tek + derivatives
gen=general=the whole (can you dig 1/2 a hole?)
tek=special=the part/spec/spark/flek/flake/tack/trac/tach/tech/...
gen is soft & hummy, tek is clicky, in the mouth.
'tek' is derived from the sound of chipping stone/bone/stick
'gen' probably a tropical bivalve mollusc (the original model for the bifacial bait trap).
Tek is now a buried root word, a fossil, alive only in evolved derived forms.
detach has replaced tek in the functional sense. At-tack, at-tach, at-tach`e, abstract, attract detract, distract merging and separating items. There are an enormous variety of words that relate to the coming together and going apart (compression/tension, gravitation/radiation..), scale is part of the reason for different words, another is geographic isolation of languages..
trac-tion: frictional adhesion
derivation of "abstract": This word comes from a German root "tragen" that means "to
drag". In other words, abstract literally means "dragged away from reality."
tesselate? (sanskrit?)
Does 'compound' derive from pounding a simple stone, making many components? take a flake.. tek a flek, compound 'frac-ture' or frac-tion etc...
tek is also used for finger, digit, one in various languages.
I've 'stuck' to English, but I think all languages had a similar root.
ora-gen-tek
Po-e-tic -|- Syn-er-ge-tic -|- Pol-i-tic
[in memory of buckminster fuller, geodesic designer]
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
"now i know why i don't like politics" by DDeden
pol - tic (tek)
people - separated
the skill in keeping people disunited/distracted,
(easier to make/keep them slaves/serfs that way)
Tyrants are anti-politicans, they force unity.
Politicians are anti-tyrants, dividing unity.
USA is a bifacial clam, a bilateral tyrant
made up of two political shells/parties
which trust each other to competence,
I'm not knocking (tek) politicians,
just don't follow their religion
pick pock tick tock nick knock
spec spark spire pyre fire
first spear was a spire
first gem was a gen
1st shard shared,
1st croc snared
lions scared
un homme
laird
wet
~
the bait-trap tek culture really was a major league change-up in human pre-history. Before it, language was there but limited to natural objects mom, dad, nana, eat, water, etc. filled with physical gestures and sounds.
boater-barter-border(war?)-bother-buffer-boundary-brother-boarder
sailor-seller (not cellar), seller-dweller, sail-sale
paddler-peddler (not pedestrian)
Why do European languages start their teens at 13, not 11? Because they derived from the Caspian basin Proto-Indo-European nomadic herders.
I see there is a difference in counting systems.
Decimal: (small base) 10, (large base) 100 (Modern, India)
Duodecimal: (small base) 12, (large base) 144 (Niger plateau)
Caspian: (small base) 12, (large base) 120 (PIE Caspian basin)
Sumerian: (small base) 60, (large base) 3600 (Sumerian Traders)
The ancestral European counting system from the Caspian basin counted their knuckles and fingers 120. This allowed them to trade goods at Sumerian trading posts along rivers from Sumer to Moscow, who used the 30/60/360/3600 counting system which is still used in degrees, minutes.
Does anyone know where I can verify the real history of the 12/120-based system? Wikipedia doesn't even mention the herding.
http://www.sizes.com/units/hundred.htm#120
(I think some translation errors snuck in, eg Doggermen probably used 8 x 12 + 4)
Note that 120 is used with heads/herds, 100 with iron.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/duodecimal
http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~P_aflang/TEXTS/oct98/decimal.html
my words:
The first cattle herding began on the Nigerian plateau and the Caspian plains, a few
plateau Nigerian languages still use the duodecimal system, but in Europe only the vestige of 11, 12 not being -teen, and the presence of dozen in the languages indicate a past use before the decimal system.)
herd = 12 head / kids (kind-herd) / tribes / tributaries Mesopotamian
herders, exported to Levant, Caspian.
A head-count of 12 was counted/divided quickly using the thumbtip
tapping the flesh above the 12 inner knuckles of one hand, dividing by
2, 3, 4, 6 was easy. Continue to higher numbers by folding a finger or
thumb to represent each additional 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96,
108, 120 when all digits folded = both hands closed = count-herd-ol =
10 x 12 (hundredfold)
cent<- kent-um = 100 among city folk. (10 x itself)
hundred<- count10 x herd12 = 120 among nomad herders. (10 x 12 knuckles)
The word hundred meant 120 items. from count-herd
The word gross meant 144 items. big/many
The word cent meant 100 items. from kentum
The word count meant 12 items. from kent
The word kent meant 10 items.
herd = 12 head / kids (kind-herd) / tribes / tributaries Mesopotamian herders, exported to Levant, Caspian.
A head-count of 12 was counted/divided quickly using the thumbtip tapping the flesh above the 12 inner knuckles of one hand, dividing by 2, 3, 4, 6 was easy. Continue to higher numbers by folding a finger or thumb to represent each additional 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 when all digits folded = both hands closed = kent-herd-ol = 10 x 12 (hundredfold)
kent-um = 100 among city, port. (10 x itself)
count-herd = 120 among nomad herders. (10 x 12 knuckles)
-ol- fold, wool, roll, scroll, wheel
-ai!- eye, hive, fly, spyre, pain, fire
PIE and IE retained this (China lost it, instead using 10 fingers (no knuckles) and decimal abacus from shells/coins on a string). IE teens start at 13, not 11.
Our later written numerals are based on the Chinese decimal (as did Rome) via India/Arabia numerals which added the 0.
Abraham <- ora-ham (in Chaldean) ora = source, core, origin
Neither Chinese, Eskimos nor Austronesians herded cattle/sheep on open plains, their counting systems differed.
calendrical temporal jitterbug regulate
morality-mythos-taboo jitterbug IKTHYS4MEN
head-count trade-good jitterbug knuckle/digit
icosa-cubocta-octa-tet jitterbug hexapenta
10c 12 oz. weight coin jitterbug cheap metals
A constant bore tube's lowest notes aren't octave intervals.
A conical bore tube's lowest notes may approximate an octave interval.
It is interesting, the bugle frequency ratios 2-3-4-5-6
I'd guess it is actually 1-2-3-4-5-6-12, with the 1-2 gap equal to an octave (if I have inferred correctly).
I am basing this on Buckmister Fuller's "Jitterbug transformation"
where in geometry, there is an overlap between an icosahedron (1-2-3-4-6-12 fold symmetry) and a cuboctahedron (5 fold symmetry)
(note images at right)
http://www.4dsolutions.net/synergetica/synergetica6.html
"The jitterbug transformation starts with a cuboctahedron and twist contracts it into a regular octahedron with 1/5th the volume, passing through the intermediate icosahedral phase on the way. This latter form of the jitterbug is useful when applied to individual spheres as it shows how they can contract to become between-sphere concave octahedral voids (see 1:1032.00). Fuller uses oscillatory ripplings of such sphere-into-space-into-sphere alternations, the so-called space-filling jitterbug transformation, to suggest new models of omnidirectional energy propagation within the fields of electro- and hydrodynamics."
I believe the same math mechanism was used by Proto-Indo-European herdsmen and Sumerian traders, calculating quantities via knuckles (12 base) and fingers (10 base).
Wikipedia, hundred: "The larger value originated with the Teutonic tribes that invaded England after the Romans departed; their Hundert equalled 120."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic
The word Teutonic derives at once from both the Latin name for a tribe who were thought by the Romans to be Germanic, die Teutonen, "the Teutons" and, from the Germanic word tiutisch (New High German deutsch = German), originally meaning "belonging to the people".
The Romans identified die Teutonen as a Germanic tribe, and therefore Roman writers began to use the term Teutonicus as a synonym for their existing word for Germanic peoples, Germanicus.
Today many scholars think that die Teutonen were not a Germanic tribe at all, but rather, that they were a Celtic tribe. It has been suggested that Teutone derives from the Celtic word tuath meaning "the people" or "the tribe" (as in the mythical Irish race, the Tuatha de Danaan, the "tribe of Danaan").[citation needed] [1]
Tiutisch is the source of the German word Deutsch, as well as the English word "Dutch". English is considered a Germanic language by linguists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
rind: cattle
kind: children
--- In AAT@yahoogroups.com, Ken Moore
>
> DDeden wrote:
> >
> > "a conch shell, a bugle, a didgeroo, and a shoffar (bored out kudu or
> > ram's horn) when blown with pursed lips at various air pressures can
> > only produce full octave tones or no tone at all".
> >
> > Would you agree that is accurate?
> >
> No. If constant bore tubes, such as didgeridoos, are blown with pursed
> lips sealed to one end, the interval between the two lowest resonances
> will not be an octave. A shofar may be close to a conical bore, in
> which case its corresponding interval will be near an octave. A bugle
> is designed so that the lowest note is rarely used. It will be
> approximately an octave below the second, but the main object of the
> designer is that notes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be in those frequency
> ratios, giving intervals of a fifth, a fourth, a major third and a minor
> third, typically Bb, F, Bb D, F. (per Ken)
kent<-ket(=cut)<->tek(chip/flake)
count<-kent
kindred<-kent & herd
hundred<-kent & herd
hand*2<-kent
The addition of 'r' usually indicates separation/torn/sherds/parts/rip/scratch,
While the -um means "times itself" or mirrored
eg. bivalve/bilateral sYMMetry, Mirror, clAM, Multiply, tIMes, Mollusc, centUM, sateM
name of orig. core/manuport: 'or' /ore/core/ura/ora/aura
name of process: 'tek' /check/tick/flake/
name of chips: 'tet' /chip/flek/spec
name of finished bait-trap: 'gen' /gen-/gin-/gem
name of the hammer-stone: 'ahkt' or 'ahx' /axe/adze
Sorry, typo. Khald, not Kald. Derived into Kali, Cailleach, Catholic, Gaelic, Chaldean, Celtic, Baltic, Bog, Basque, Khalidya, Goth, (Thor?) Gott, numerous other IE terms in various locales where IE/Aryan/Celtic/Cultic/Turkmen/German/herdsmen of the Black-Caspian basin and Ukraine-Central Asian plains herded between mountain ranges then settling at well watered sites engaged in trade of dried salmon, flint, salt, herds. Settlements at fertile farmlands and trading posts produced great chiefs (probably Kiev, then King) who employed jesters (gestures) and mimes to assist in language/dialect translation before writing arrived. Later writing put a new overlay, with new names of tribes and homelands.
Cailleach myth
by Karla Morgan
Cailleach is referred to as the "Mother of All" in parts of Scotland. Also known as Scotia, she is depicted as an old hag with the teeth of a wild bear and boar's tusks..She is also known to have created the earth. "With her hammer she alternately splinters [flint, perhaps flanders] mountains,.."
--- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "DDeden"
>
> http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indo-Eurasian_research/message/9088
>
> why does your keyboard start with qwerty? qrt/krt/krst/ktb
> reading, writing, reciting, and a-rith-ma-tic. Education.
> The al quran name begins at the same source as krist/krish, and are
> derived from Assyria/Syria/Urartu/Armenia region. The name of their
> Deity was "Kald", now retained as "God", (not Deus or YHWH or Elohim
> or Allah in English), they were Kaldian aka Celt/Gaul/Chaldean, but
> through time they mixed with others and had different names, now
> Armenian.
>
>
>
>
> --- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "Richard Parker"
>
> >
> > Daoud - you're treading or paddling in very dangerous waters.
> >
> > Krit may be a proto-word for all I know, and may be related to
> > Sans_krit_ and _Kri_shna and s_cript_ure, but it is also very
> > obviously related to _Chri_st.
> >
> > Don't ever suggest anyhing like that in the Bible Belt, or you'll be
> > lynched.
> >
> > regards
> >
> >
> > Richard
> >
> >
> > --- In HumanMigrations@yahoogroups.com, "DDeden"
> > wrote:
> > >
> > > RP: Greek may share some root words with Sanskrit, but was not
> > inherited
> > > from it. They both derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE), an
> > > entirely imaginary language 'reconstructed' from later descendent
> > > languages. PIE, or something very like it, just may have been
> > spoken
> > > by the people who were present when the roots of Indo-European were
> > > being set up, but PIE is an imaginary language, not a real one.
> > >
> > > DD: The sound -krit-/-grik- derived from the sound of scratching a
> > > stick/stone/stylus on stone/clay/leaf, and the later
> > > national/tribal/cultural designations in the title above were
> > merely
> > > local derivations. The modern word "written" had lost the initial
> > k/g,
> > > while the modern word "scripture" has preserved it.
> > >
> > > Once you remove the written word from their ancestors, what were
> > they?
> > > PIE. I guess that both scribe and priest were derived from krit,
> > > (krist = writer, cf artist) (krshna in Hindu). Writers created
> > (krit-d
> > > cf crafted) religions and omni-gods from muddled old memories,
> > while
> > > oratory folktales were retained because they included music and
> > > gesture (jester) not yet available in written (tab) form.
> > > DDeden
> > >
> >
>
Sunday, September 2, 2007
Plucking-Diving-Dugouts-Trading-Trucking
DD: my response to: "No aquatic apes in Morris, Minnesota"
PZ is up in Morris, MN, which is just to the left of the famed big "C" of lakes (see map) that make up the majority of the "Land of 10,000+ lakes". Morris happens to be on a railroad line and at the intersection of a bunch of highways, so there's plenty of traffic, otherwise it'd be just another farm town (with a fabulous university).
Before the days of the locomotive and wheeled vehicles, and before the bow and arrow and atlatl were developed, and before horses were domesticated, humans could travel by foot or by dugout. Dugouts provided relatively safe access to remote inland areas where the big cats were kings and (waterways where) crocs and hippos resided. Before the development of the dugout, the most successful inland hominids were those that could climb above the cats and crocs, which is why the inland (apes)/apiths had curved phallanges and ancient Homo didn't.
Dugouts allowed easy access to extra weapons including slingstone pebbles used as ballast and spears used as push-poles, heavy cumbersome tools to carry by foot but easily by boat. Travel and trade eventually expanded from coastal settlements inland. Before dugouts, the inland was a dangerous place for a hominid that couldn't climb well or run fast and had only thrusting spears.
Dugouts, originally crafted by butted handaxes from waterside bent hollow tree trunks, were the first (cargo capable) "pickup trucks", and are still used worldwide in a more engineered form. A fisherman in one caught a coelecanth off the beach in Sulawesi in May. Ribbed watercraft (birchbark canoes, plank boats, umiaks) came later, partly due to the need for portaging.
Dugouts were the transitional technology enabling a coastal hominid (family) to move upstream and inland (w/o climbing adaptations), changing from daily diving and plucking sessile seafoods (where hydrodynamics were significant) to more terrestrial hunting and "dry" fishing using nets and spears.
I see no reason to think that acacia would have been chosen over other waterside trees for early dugout construction, though it may have been used later if others were unavailable, perhaps with fire to core it out.
http://www.earthwatch.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=dsJSK6PFJnH&b=2...
(contributed by Lee Olsen at Sci.Anthro.Paleo)
A team of Spanish archaeologists, led by Dr. Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, from the Complutense University of Madrid, found residues of wood on the working edges of stone handaxes found in the region. The stone tools also show clear damage due to having been used in heavy-duty
activities. These important findings push the appearance of human woodworking back by 1 million years, and will be reported in the April/May issue of the Journal of Human Evolution. "This is the oldest evidence of woodworking in human evolution," said Dominguez-Rodrigo. "The remains belonging to Acacia trees are proof that early humans had wooden utensils, such as spears and digging sticks, which very likely enabled them to have the technology necessary to become successful hunters."
The area of Peninj contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in
the world with Acheulian tools. Most of the fossil fauna discovered by the Spanish team belong to animals that suggest a very open and dry savanna environment. Equids (like modern zebras), antilopini (like modern gazelles) and alcelaphini (like modern wildebeest) constitute most of the animals discovered. The fossil pollen discovered also indicates a very open landscape dominated by grasslands and a smaller number of trees among which Acacia is the best represented. Some plant residues discovered (called phytoliths) show that the type of grass most represented is a short grass that grows in very open and dry ecosystems."
DD: As might be expected, acacia for push-pole thrusting spears. Whether acacia was used for crafting (early) dugouts is much less certain. Cutting soft wood would presumably leave less traces than hard wood on handaxes. Push-pole thrusting spears would be a consumable disposable
item, easily replaced, a dugout less so. Thanks for the confirmation Lee!
Diving (My response to Seth's Human evolution post)
I agree with much of the AAT, but see it as part of life in a generalised coastal tropical habitat. Occupational specialization in later humans fits with my interpretation of butted hand axes as both butchering tools and woodcrafting tools used to construct the first dugout boats from hollow bent trees at waterside. These dugouts were the 'first cargo pickup trucks on the aquatic superhighway" that allowed trade and settlements upstream inland in areas formerly
dominated by the big cat predators, and allowed relatively safe easy transport of people including babies, with slingstone pebbles as ballast in the bottom for stability, and push-pole thrusting spears propelling and spare throwing spears bunched aside like arrows in a quiver. Further development of boats included thinner lighter dugouts and later portageable ribbed skin kayaks, birchbark canoes and plank sailboats on the sea of galilee 20,000 years ago.
The words Tectonic, Technical, Technology have the root Tek, which is Greek for carpenter or craftsman. I think it derived from the sound of stone "tick-ticking" against stone to make a hand axe and other simple tools. Other languages around the world have similar sounding words for crafting tools, which suggest great antiquity. (Chip or chop are other variations of it.)
The hand in primates (and even more in anthropoids) was selected for plucking loosely hanging fruits in angiosperm trees, which had previously been the long held domain of fruit bats and frugivorous birds. Plucking allowed the changes in the jaws and dental structure,
which allowed the brain to enlarge later.
This combined with greater vertical climbing and posture produced a more stable bipedal locomotion, as seen in the gibbon and spider monkey. Bipedal wading doesn't cause dry land bipedalism (see wetland apes which wade on 2 legs but walk on 4, while gibbons are bipedal on the ground but never wade), but it does reinforce an already bipedal habit.
Most likely the combination of fruit tree climbing, wading for molluscs in mangroves, shore cliff climbing for seabird eggs, coconut palm climbing, beachcombing for turtle eggs, vertical floating (with inflated laryngeal air sac) while plucking aquatic vegetation all combined to further the upright stance in hominoids and resulted in the complete loss of the tail. Later, the ancestors of the Great apes expanded inland along gallery forests staying arboreal and becoming more quadrupedal when on the ground, while ancient Homo erectus improved swimming and changed from vertical floating to horizontal backfloating (losing the lar. throat air sac but gaining a layer of skin fat) resulting in greater hydrodynamic linearity, thermoinsulation and oxygen breath holding abilities and becoming a more adept diver for shellfish and crustaceans.
I envision them diving as male-female pairs alternating dives, while the younger males acted as area patrol guards/gangs (also competing for deeper diving/spearfishing, tree climbing for coconuts and figs, and various small game hunting) and younger females as babysitters and
beachcombers at the shore. Later the use of hollow logs and driftwood as floats in waters with crocs or sharks began the emergence of the most primitive vehicular industry, shells pebbles and stone tools used to make simple dugouts.
DDeden
http://www.blog.sethroberts.net/2007/08/10/my-theory-of-human-evolution-planet-earth-edition/
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/08/nope_no_aquatic_apes_found_in.php
PZ is up in Morris, MN, which is just to the left of the famed big "C" of lakes (see map) that make up the majority of the "Land of 10,000+ lakes". Morris happens to be on a railroad line and at the intersection of a bunch of highways, so there's plenty of traffic, otherwise it'd be just another farm town (with a fabulous university).
Before the days of the locomotive and wheeled vehicles, and before the bow and arrow and atlatl were developed, and before horses were domesticated, humans could travel by foot or by dugout. Dugouts provided relatively safe access to remote inland areas where the big cats were kings and (waterways where) crocs and hippos resided. Before the development of the dugout, the most successful inland hominids were those that could climb above the cats and crocs, which is why the inland (apes)/apiths had curved phallanges and ancient Homo didn't.
Dugouts allowed easy access to extra weapons including slingstone pebbles used as ballast and spears used as push-poles, heavy cumbersome tools to carry by foot but easily by boat. Travel and trade eventually expanded from coastal settlements inland. Before dugouts, the inland was a dangerous place for a hominid that couldn't climb well or run fast and had only thrusting spears.
Dugouts, originally crafted by butted handaxes from waterside bent hollow tree trunks, were the first (cargo capable) "pickup trucks", and are still used worldwide in a more engineered form. A fisherman in one caught a coelecanth off the beach in Sulawesi in May. Ribbed watercraft (birchbark canoes, plank boats, umiaks) came later, partly due to the need for portaging.
Dugouts were the transitional technology enabling a coastal hominid (family) to move upstream and inland (w/o climbing adaptations), changing from daily diving and plucking sessile seafoods (where hydrodynamics were significant) to more terrestrial hunting and "dry" fishing using nets and spears.
I see no reason to think that acacia would have been chosen over other waterside trees for early dugout construction, though it may have been used later if others were unavailable, perhaps with fire to core it out.
http://www.earthwatch.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=dsJSK6PFJnH&b=2...
(contributed by Lee Olsen at Sci.Anthro.Paleo)
A team of Spanish archaeologists, led by Dr. Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, from the Complutense University of Madrid, found residues of wood on the working edges of stone handaxes found in the region. The stone tools also show clear damage due to having been used in heavy-duty
activities. These important findings push the appearance of human woodworking back by 1 million years, and will be reported in the April/May issue of the Journal of Human Evolution. "This is the oldest evidence of woodworking in human evolution," said Dominguez-Rodrigo. "The remains belonging to Acacia trees are proof that early humans had wooden utensils, such as spears and digging sticks, which very likely enabled them to have the technology necessary to become successful hunters."
The area of Peninj contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in
the world with Acheulian tools. Most of the fossil fauna discovered by the Spanish team belong to animals that suggest a very open and dry savanna environment. Equids (like modern zebras), antilopini (like modern gazelles) and alcelaphini (like modern wildebeest) constitute most of the animals discovered. The fossil pollen discovered also indicates a very open landscape dominated by grasslands and a smaller number of trees among which Acacia is the best represented. Some plant residues discovered (called phytoliths) show that the type of grass most represented is a short grass that grows in very open and dry ecosystems."
DD: As might be expected, acacia for push-pole thrusting spears. Whether acacia was used for crafting (early) dugouts is much less certain. Cutting soft wood would presumably leave less traces than hard wood on handaxes. Push-pole thrusting spears would be a consumable disposable
item, easily replaced, a dugout less so. Thanks for the confirmation Lee!
Diving (My response to Seth's Human evolution post)
I agree with much of the AAT, but see it as part of life in a generalised coastal tropical habitat. Occupational specialization in later humans fits with my interpretation of butted hand axes as both butchering tools and woodcrafting tools used to construct the first dugout boats from hollow bent trees at waterside. These dugouts were the 'first cargo pickup trucks on the aquatic superhighway" that allowed trade and settlements upstream inland in areas formerly
dominated by the big cat predators, and allowed relatively safe easy transport of people including babies, with slingstone pebbles as ballast in the bottom for stability, and push-pole thrusting spears propelling and spare throwing spears bunched aside like arrows in a quiver. Further development of boats included thinner lighter dugouts and later portageable ribbed skin kayaks, birchbark canoes and plank sailboats on the sea of galilee 20,000 years ago.
The words Tectonic, Technical, Technology have the root Tek, which is Greek for carpenter or craftsman. I think it derived from the sound of stone "tick-ticking" against stone to make a hand axe and other simple tools. Other languages around the world have similar sounding words for crafting tools, which suggest great antiquity. (Chip or chop are other variations of it.)
The hand in primates (and even more in anthropoids) was selected for plucking loosely hanging fruits in angiosperm trees, which had previously been the long held domain of fruit bats and frugivorous birds. Plucking allowed the changes in the jaws and dental structure,
which allowed the brain to enlarge later.
This combined with greater vertical climbing and posture produced a more stable bipedal locomotion, as seen in the gibbon and spider monkey. Bipedal wading doesn't cause dry land bipedalism (see wetland apes which wade on 2 legs but walk on 4, while gibbons are bipedal on the ground but never wade), but it does reinforce an already bipedal habit.
Most likely the combination of fruit tree climbing, wading for molluscs in mangroves, shore cliff climbing for seabird eggs, coconut palm climbing, beachcombing for turtle eggs, vertical floating (with inflated laryngeal air sac) while plucking aquatic vegetation all combined to further the upright stance in hominoids and resulted in the complete loss of the tail. Later, the ancestors of the Great apes expanded inland along gallery forests staying arboreal and becoming more quadrupedal when on the ground, while ancient Homo erectus improved swimming and changed from vertical floating to horizontal backfloating (losing the lar. throat air sac but gaining a layer of skin fat) resulting in greater hydrodynamic linearity, thermoinsulation and oxygen breath holding abilities and becoming a more adept diver for shellfish and crustaceans.
I envision them diving as male-female pairs alternating dives, while the younger males acted as area patrol guards/gangs (also competing for deeper diving/spearfishing, tree climbing for coconuts and figs, and various small game hunting) and younger females as babysitters and
beachcombers at the shore. Later the use of hollow logs and driftwood as floats in waters with crocs or sharks began the emergence of the most primitive vehicular industry, shells pebbles and stone tools used to make simple dugouts.
DDeden
http://www.blog.sethroberts.net/2007/08/10/my-theory-of-human-evolution-planet-earth-edition/
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/08/nope_no_aquatic_apes_found_in.php
Wednesday, August 22, 2007
Medium sized Islands with reefs, lagoons
Bucky Fuller right on reefs, probably wrong on atolls
Atolls are Pacific islands where the central volcano has eroded down below the
sea but the coral reefs are above sea level. Although there is
plentiful seafood and coconuts, iron and copper are deficient.
Rainwater dissolves the lime of the exposed reef, calcium carbonates
erodes but lack the volcanic soils that non-atoll islands and
continents possess. So people that live on atolls have poor skeletal
growth, susceptible to osteoporosis, unless supplemented from abroad.
Ancient Homo erectus shows many semi-aquatic traits, and was noted for
having very thick very dense skeletons, not porous skeletons.
It is likely they lived along shores where mangroves lived, rich
silted deposits in tidal waters, where fruit bats roosted, dropping
their seed rich feces, thus planting new fruit trees near the shores.
These mangroves require Iron and copper just like people do, and do
not grow as well on isolated atolls. The result is that mangroves and fruit trees
grow poorly on atolls, but very well on volcanic isles and continental
coasts surrounded by reefs.
Ancient mankind lived on isles near the Indo-Pacific coasts, rich in soil, fruit, fruit-bats, sea-birds, shellfish...going back and forth on occasion (during lower sea levels of the ice ages) by walking/wading/swimming/dugouts to continents
where the big predator cats lived.
Big cats couldn't survive on small islands, crocs might but avoid the
surf and sandy beaches, while sharks risk getting land-locked when
entering the shallow tidal lagoons. I think that slowly dugouts
eventually allowed human ancestors to over-run the continents through
the river systems into the savannas, with sturdy hulls protecting them
and storing their weapons of mass destruction (push-pole thrusting
spears, ballast of large pebbles for throwing), with tensile nets and
woven reed baskets slowly being developed.
--- In AAT@yahoogroups.com, "Dick Fischbeck" wrote:
>
> here are Fuller's words:
>
> http://www.bfi.org/EveryThing/everything_i_know3.htm
>
>
>
> [�]
>
> Unquestionably the great barrier reefs there break those
> enormous waves, and inside those lovely
> lagoons are full of fish and all kinds of eatables, and the very,
> very easy shoaling lovely sands
> and you could climb in and out of that as a baby practically, and
> on the shores coconuts falling
> down full of milk, and all kinds of things to eat, and no big
> animals to eat you so I came to the
> conclusion life being born naked and helpless, probably on the
> coral atolls, then began to have
> experience after experience with that water
>
> [...]
Atolls are Pacific islands where the central volcano has eroded down below the
sea but the coral reefs are above sea level. Although there is
plentiful seafood and coconuts, iron and copper are deficient.
Rainwater dissolves the lime of the exposed reef, calcium carbonates
erodes but lack the volcanic soils that non-atoll islands and
continents possess. So people that live on atolls have poor skeletal
growth, susceptible to osteoporosis, unless supplemented from abroad.
Ancient Homo erectus shows many semi-aquatic traits, and was noted for
having very thick very dense skeletons, not porous skeletons.
It is likely they lived along shores where mangroves lived, rich
silted deposits in tidal waters, where fruit bats roosted, dropping
their seed rich feces, thus planting new fruit trees near the shores.
These mangroves require Iron and copper just like people do, and do
not grow as well on isolated atolls. The result is that mangroves and fruit trees
grow poorly on atolls, but very well on volcanic isles and continental
coasts surrounded by reefs.
Ancient mankind lived on isles near the Indo-Pacific coasts, rich in soil, fruit, fruit-bats, sea-birds, shellfish...going back and forth on occasion (during lower sea levels of the ice ages) by walking/wading/swimming/dugouts to continents
where the big predator cats lived.
Big cats couldn't survive on small islands, crocs might but avoid the
surf and sandy beaches, while sharks risk getting land-locked when
entering the shallow tidal lagoons. I think that slowly dugouts
eventually allowed human ancestors to over-run the continents through
the river systems into the savannas, with sturdy hulls protecting them
and storing their weapons of mass destruction (push-pole thrusting
spears, ballast of large pebbles for throwing), with tensile nets and
woven reed baskets slowly being developed.
--- In AAT@yahoogroups.com, "Dick Fischbeck"
>
> here are Fuller's words:
>
> http://www.bfi.org/EveryThing/everything_i_know3.htm
>
>
>
> [�]
>
> Unquestionably the great barrier reefs there break those
> enormous waves, and inside those lovely
> lagoons are full of fish and all kinds of eatables, and the very,
> very easy shoaling lovely sands
> and you could climb in and out of that as a baby practically, and
> on the shores coconuts falling
> down full of milk, and all kinds of things to eat, and no big
> animals to eat you so I came to the
> conclusion life being born naked and helpless, probably on the
> coral atolls, then began to have
> experience after experience with that water
>
> [...]
Boat vs backfloat while diving
Re: Atoll divers with bad joints due to mineral deficiency, boats & HV?
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/114/1/114_1/_article
I'm guessing here, not enough data to be sure:
Atolls typically lack copper and iron which are needed for bone growth.
With that in mind, it seems likely to me that diving while often deeply hyperventilating might induce divers to stay at depth longer, increasing the chance of the bends, or Nitrogen micro-bubbles in the knee and other joints, with increased deterioration of the already poorly integrated tissues over time, especially if stressed (physical work done) soon after diving.
===========
[still working on this, not sure how much an effect mineral nutrients were in bone porosity vs HV-DCS]
1ma, He divers dove and backfloated and did not hyperventilate (as indicated by dense bones). Alternating partners diving/backfloating w/o HV produces no DCS N2 accumulation.
3.5ka Micronesian divers dove and boated and likely did hyperventilate (see Tarawa disease), possibly getting bent/DCS producing joint pain and possibly increased porosity in leg bones eventually, (as indicated by porous bones in their fossils derived from low Cu/Fe nutrients, but possibly also due to DCS). Individual or Unison diving/boating w/HV may produce DCS/bends/Tarawa disease.
Sunday, August 12, 2007
Dug-out canoes & spears
(from discussions in SAP & AAT)
Association of extant arboreal Pan, tree hollow, spear thrusting
Association of early Homo, hollow log dugout, spear thrusting
Some chimps use thrusting spears to hunt African bushbabies
in hollow trees. This is arboreal, not savanna (bushbabies don't
live in trees surrounded by grass), they sharpen the spears with
their teeth. Some Suaq swamp orangs use very small spears to get
the (Durio sp) neesia oilseeds from the spiny neesia fruit, they
manipulate the spear with their mouth, not their hands. This is
done arboreally, not on the ground, not on savanna. Some Ndoki
swamp gorillas have been seen crossing water with wading sticks.
I think savanna baboons never use sticks as weapons or tools.
Great apes & most likely extinct hominids & humans manufacture/d
thrusting spears/push-poles/wading sticks of some form. unlike
other known anthropoids.
Mario: Actually, the presence of sharp sticks is very common in
nature, and you don't have to invent anything. A lot of animals
have sharp antlers on their heads. Baboons have two sharp spears
in their mouth. -- Mario
DD: Sharp fangs and horns require close contact, spears allow
further distance.
horn->thrust-spear->throw-spear->atlatl-spear->arrow->bullet
each one allows safer distance while retaining accuracy.
A dugout canoe vehicle has a wood hull that partly conceals and
provides a spearing/throwing platform, made of solid cellulose
fibers nearly impenetrable to teeth of hippos, cats, crocs.
Spearing fish or animals from a dug out canoe is relatively safe,
so I think that push-pole spears were used very effectively, one
person (wife) push-poling the boat, the other stabbing the
prey/predator (husband) and also steering & push-poling at times.
Piles of pebbles in the bottom (heavy ballast to prevent tipping
over) allowed fast throwing with reasonable accuracy, so there
was no need for large groups of Homo for protection at all times
(which had been necessary during the previous swimming-diving-
wading-beachcombing period), this allowed expansion inland and
thus slowly began inland shore trade for sea nutrients (salt,
sun-shore-dried fish & shellfish).
Seems that the swimming-diving-wading-beachcombing and dugout
development co-occurred for a lengthy period.
Dugongs are arrowed by Andaman people from dugouts.
Whales trapped during their birthing time in bays/lagoons could
have been targets for dugout users, as they were for whaling
vessels in Baja Calif.
DD
http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/00oc_issues/oc000626/
An international research team, including two geologists from
UT Austin, has unearthed ancient stone tools from an unusual
geological setting in Africa that may contribute to solving
the mystery of the geographic origins and adaptations of modern
humans. The findings push back by 10,000 years the date for
earliest evidence of human consumption of shellfish, marking
the onset of a new type of feeding strategy in human evolution.
The tools were found within a fossil reef terrace on the Red
Sea coast of Eritrea. They suggest that early humans were
adapted to coastal marine environments and ate seafood,
including clams, crabs, scallops and oysters, as early as
125,000 years ago. Eritrea is located north of Ethiopia and
southeast of the Sudan. The findings were published in
the May 4 issue of the journal Nature.
Dr. Richard T. Buffler, a professor of geological sciences and
senior research scientist at the UT Austin Institute for
Geophysics, and Berhane Negassi Ghebretensae, a UT Austin
graduate student from Eritrea, participated in the project.
The project was headed by Dr. Robert C. Walter, a geologist and
geochronologist with Mexico's Centro de Investigacion Cientifica
y Educacion Superior de Ensenada in Baja California. The
research team includes scientists from Eritrea, the U.S.,
Mexico, the Netherlands, France and Canada.
The Paleolithic hand axes and obsidian flakes and blades were
discovered in a fossil reef terrace near the Eritrean village of
Abdur on the Gulf of Zula. The reef terrace is about ten km long
and about six to fourteen meters above current sea level.
"This is the oldest documentation in the world of the use of
marine resources - clams, crabs and oysters - which are found
in this reef along with the stone tools," Buffler said. "The use
of marine seafoods as a food source indicates a new behavior for
early humans." "We would like to call this the 'first oyster
bar,'" said Walter. "Abdur is an important site, not just because
it is the earliest evidence for coastal marine occupation to
date, but because it opens up the entire coast of Africa as a
whole new realm of exploration for early human archaeology and
paleontology." The geographic origin of modern humans is a
subject of intense debate. One school of thought contends that
modern humans evolved semi-independently in Europe, Asia and
Africa between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago. Another holds that
modern humans evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000
years ago, migrating to Eurasia at a later period.
Direct paleontological, archaeological and biological evidence
is required to resolve the conflict. The importance of finding
ancient tools in Eritrea is that it favors an "out of Africa"
migration. "It is right on the potential migration route of
modern humans out of Africa into Europe, Central Asia and over
into Far Eastern Asia," Buffler said.
The age of the stone tools found embedded in the rock was
based on dating the fossil corals close to the tools by
uranium-thorium mass spectrometric techniques to 125,000
years ago. The oldest previously known coastal site, the
Klasies River mouth in South Africa, is estimated to be
115,000 years old, some 10,000 years later than the Abdur
site. Rare occurrences of bifacial handaxes have been found
on the surface of Pleistocene marine terraces from the Danakil
Rift Valley of Eritrea and the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea.
But they were not found in geological context, meaning direct
estimates of their age were not possible.
"Nowhere else have stone tools been reported to be in a reef
rock itself. So we know that the ancient people at Abdur were
there on the reef and dropped these tools where they harvested
their food. And the tools then became part of the geological
record," Buffler said the team of researchers was traveling
to another field area in the winter of 1997 when the group
stopped near the reef. "We camped overnight and in the morning
we started looking around and discovered the paleolithic tools
in the reef," Buffler said. The team,led by Walter and partly
funded with a National Science Foundation grant, returned to
study the area in more detail in January and February of 1999.
As I understand it, the hand tools were within a fossil coral
reef matrix which was tectonically uplifted at some time in the
past. "about six to fourteen meters above current sea level."
I can't comment on the technology used to determine the dates.
I would not be surprised with dates from any period, from
3+ million years ago to 50 years ago. People still use stone
tools for various purposes.
"Paleolithic hand axes and obsidian flakes and blades..."
It's certainly nice to see those clearly crafted tools in the
reef, no doubt others will be found when people start looking.
"Rare occurrences of bifacial handaxes have been found on the
surface of Pleistocene marine terraces from the Danakil Rift
Valley of Eritrea and the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea."
Association of extant arboreal Pan, tree hollow, spear thrusting
Association of early Homo, hollow log dugout, spear thrusting
Some chimps use thrusting spears to hunt African bushbabies
in hollow trees. This is arboreal, not savanna (bushbabies don't
live in trees surrounded by grass), they sharpen the spears with
their teeth. Some Suaq swamp orangs use very small spears to get
the (Durio sp) neesia oilseeds from the spiny neesia fruit, they
manipulate the spear with their mouth, not their hands. This is
done arboreally, not on the ground, not on savanna. Some Ndoki
swamp gorillas have been seen crossing water with wading sticks.
I think savanna baboons never use sticks as weapons or tools.
Great apes & most likely extinct hominids & humans manufacture/d
thrusting spears/push-poles/wading sticks of some form. unlike
other known anthropoids.
Mario: Actually, the presence of sharp sticks is very common in
nature, and you don't have to invent anything. A lot of animals
have sharp antlers on their heads. Baboons have two sharp spears
in their mouth. -- Mario
DD: Sharp fangs and horns require close contact, spears allow
further distance.
horn->thrust-spear->throw-spear->atlatl-spear->arrow->bullet
each one allows safer distance while retaining accuracy.
A dugout canoe vehicle has a wood hull that partly conceals and
provides a spearing/throwing platform, made of solid cellulose
fibers nearly impenetrable to teeth of hippos, cats, crocs.
Spearing fish or animals from a dug out canoe is relatively safe,
so I think that push-pole spears were used very effectively, one
person (wife) push-poling the boat, the other stabbing the
prey/predator (husband) and also steering & push-poling at times.
Piles of pebbles in the bottom (heavy ballast to prevent tipping
over) allowed fast throwing with reasonable accuracy, so there
was no need for large groups of Homo for protection at all times
(which had been necessary during the previous swimming-diving-
wading-beachcombing period), this allowed expansion inland and
thus slowly began inland shore trade for sea nutrients (salt,
sun-shore-dried fish & shellfish).
Seems that the swimming-diving-wading-beachcombing and dugout
development co-occurred for a lengthy period.
Dugongs are arrowed by Andaman people from dugouts.
Whales trapped during their birthing time in bays/lagoons could
have been targets for dugout users, as they were for whaling
vessels in Baja Calif.
DD
http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/00oc_issues/oc000626/
An international research team, including two geologists from
UT Austin, has unearthed ancient stone tools from an unusual
geological setting in Africa that may contribute to solving
the mystery of the geographic origins and adaptations of modern
humans. The findings push back by 10,000 years the date for
earliest evidence of human consumption of shellfish, marking
the onset of a new type of feeding strategy in human evolution.
The tools were found within a fossil reef terrace on the Red
Sea coast of Eritrea. They suggest that early humans were
adapted to coastal marine environments and ate seafood,
including clams, crabs, scallops and oysters, as early as
125,000 years ago. Eritrea is located north of Ethiopia and
southeast of the Sudan. The findings were published in
the May 4 issue of the journal Nature.
Dr. Richard T. Buffler, a professor of geological sciences and
senior research scientist at the UT Austin Institute for
Geophysics, and Berhane Negassi Ghebretensae, a UT Austin
graduate student from Eritrea, participated in the project.
The project was headed by Dr. Robert C. Walter, a geologist and
geochronologist with Mexico's Centro de Investigacion Cientifica
y Educacion Superior de Ensenada in Baja California. The
research team includes scientists from Eritrea, the U.S.,
Mexico, the Netherlands, France and Canada.
The Paleolithic hand axes and obsidian flakes and blades were
discovered in a fossil reef terrace near the Eritrean village of
Abdur on the Gulf of Zula. The reef terrace is about ten km long
and about six to fourteen meters above current sea level.
"This is the oldest documentation in the world of the use of
marine resources - clams, crabs and oysters - which are found
in this reef along with the stone tools," Buffler said. "The use
of marine seafoods as a food source indicates a new behavior for
early humans." "We would like to call this the 'first oyster
bar,'" said Walter. "Abdur is an important site, not just because
it is the earliest evidence for coastal marine occupation to
date, but because it opens up the entire coast of Africa as a
whole new realm of exploration for early human archaeology and
paleontology." The geographic origin of modern humans is a
subject of intense debate. One school of thought contends that
modern humans evolved semi-independently in Europe, Asia and
Africa between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago. Another holds that
modern humans evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000
years ago, migrating to Eurasia at a later period.
Direct paleontological, archaeological and biological evidence
is required to resolve the conflict. The importance of finding
ancient tools in Eritrea is that it favors an "out of Africa"
migration. "It is right on the potential migration route of
modern humans out of Africa into Europe, Central Asia and over
into Far Eastern Asia," Buffler said.
The age of the stone tools found embedded in the rock was
based on dating the fossil corals close to the tools by
uranium-thorium mass spectrometric techniques to 125,000
years ago. The oldest previously known coastal site, the
Klasies River mouth in South Africa, is estimated to be
115,000 years old, some 10,000 years later than the Abdur
site. Rare occurrences of bifacial handaxes have been found
on the surface of Pleistocene marine terraces from the Danakil
Rift Valley of Eritrea and the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea.
But they were not found in geological context, meaning direct
estimates of their age were not possible.
"Nowhere else have stone tools been reported to be in a reef
rock itself. So we know that the ancient people at Abdur were
there on the reef and dropped these tools where they harvested
their food. And the tools then became part of the geological
record," Buffler said the team of researchers was traveling
to another field area in the winter of 1997 when the group
stopped near the reef. "We camped overnight and in the morning
we started looking around and discovered the paleolithic tools
in the reef," Buffler said. The team,led by Walter and partly
funded with a National Science Foundation grant, returned to
study the area in more detail in January and February of 1999.
As I understand it, the hand tools were within a fossil coral
reef matrix which was tectonically uplifted at some time in the
past. "about six to fourteen meters above current sea level."
I can't comment on the technology used to determine the dates.
I would not be surprised with dates from any period, from
3+ million years ago to 50 years ago. People still use stone
tools for various purposes.
"Paleolithic hand axes and obsidian flakes and blades..."
It's certainly nice to see those clearly crafted tools in the
reef, no doubt others will be found when people start looking.
"Rare occurrences of bifacial handaxes have been found on the
surface of Pleistocene marine terraces from the Danakil Rift
Valley of Eritrea and the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea."
Monday, July 30, 2007
Malaysian shark has no webbed feet
http://stromdotcom.blogspot.com/2007/07/shark-with-webbed-feet.html
Those are claspers which male sharks use to attach to females for reproduction.
The USM research fellow Dr. Yasin was misinformed or was speaking about the news article below, he was speaking of the coelecanth fish, a 4 legged fish which was thought to be extinct but still lives offshore Sulawesi and Comoros islands. One coelecanth was recently captured by a fisherman in a dug-out canoe 200 m from the beach at 100 m depth with fishing line and hooks.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/05/070522-coelacanth.html
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view_article.php?article_id=79339
Friday, May 18, 2007
Ancient anchor found
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/05/17/anchor_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070517141500&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000
Oldest wooden anchor 2.7 ka Turkey coast
Another in Spain 2.75 ka
Oldest wooden fishing boat 9ka Korea coast
Oldest stone hand axe/adze/cleaver (to make boat) 125ka Eritrea reef
Oldest wooden anchor 2.7 ka Turkey coast
Another in Spain 2.75 ka
Oldest wooden fishing boat 9ka Korea coast
Oldest stone hand axe/adze/cleaver (to make boat) 125ka Eritrea reef
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